Abstract This study aims to find the best conditions for the extraction of Zingiber officinale essential oil using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD) techniques, regarding the maximum oil yield. For the HD technique is evaluated the best ratio between plant mass and water volume and for SFE and SD the pressure condition was investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the similarity between the composition of the essential oil in different pressures and extraction methods. The experimental extraction curve was plotted and three different mathematical models were used to fit the data for SD and SFE methods, obtaining the relevant mass transfer parameters. The essential oil compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being α-zingiberene the main component with different contents (from 11.9 to 28.9%). The best condition for the SFE was 100 bar, 40 °C (0.0508 goil/gplant) with 19.34% of α-zingiberene; for the SD, 3 bar (133 °C) (0.00616 goil/gplant) with 28.9% of α-zingiberene; and HD, the volume of 750 mL (0.006988 goil/gplant) with 15.70% of α-zingiberene, all measured on a dry basis.

Abstract Previous pre-clinical studies demonstrated that a valepotriates enriched fraction from Valeriana glechomifolia F.G. Mey., Caprifoliaceae, was effective against lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS)-induced sickness behavior as well as significantly decreased the cortical expression of pro inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Other studies revealed anti-inflammatory properties of V. wallichii and V. amurensis. These findings open up new perspectives for Valeriana genus pharmacology, once it has been commonly associated to sedative and anxiolytic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antichemotactic, antinociptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a valepotriate-enriched fraction obtained from aerial and subterranean parts of V. glechomifolia submitted to supercritical CO2 extraction. The biological activities were assessed by means of formalin test in CF1 mice and Wistar rat's leukocytes migration assay (modified Boyden chamber method). Valepotriate-enriched fraction (1, 10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the nociceptive behavior in the late phase of the formalin test in a dose dependent manner. The effect of the valepotriate-enriched fraction highest dose was comparable with that of diclofenac 50 mg/kg (p.o.). Valepotriate-enriched fraction (0.1–1 µg/ml) inhibited the leukocyte migration induced by lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli in a concentration dependent manner. This antichemotatic effect was comparable with that of indomethacin (0.1–1 µg/ml) and better than diclofenac (1 µg/ml) effect. This study demonstrated for the first time that a valepotriate-enriched fraction obtained from V. glechomifolia display a peripheral anti-inflammatory like activity.

ABSTRACT Extracts from the leaves of Psidium guajava L have been studied due to their importance as a source of natural antioxidant components with possible applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this work, the sequential use of steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction was studied to obtain the essential oil from the leaves and non-volatile compounds from the residue. The non-volatile compounds were obtained by CO2 supercritical extraction. Experiments were performed in a automated pilot-scale extractor at constant pressure of 15 MPa, at 313 K and 333 K in three different flow rate conditions. The analysis of the essential oil with GC-MS identified E-caryophyllene, β-selinene1, α-selinene, selin-11-en-4-α-ol and E-nerolidol as main compounds. Antioxidant activity was observed in all extracts. The experimental extraction curves were compared to simulated ones predicted by a mathematical model based on mass transfer principles with two adjustable parameters. The model used fitted accurately the experimental data.

Abstract The greatest obstacle in simulating processes involving essential oils is the small number of thermo-physical properties and experimental data available in the literature. In this work, thermodynamic models are investigated in order to predict such properties, which are requisites for the modelling and simulation of the Eucalyptus essential oil batch distillation processes. A group contribution method was used to predict the vapor pressure (CSGC-PVR) when experimental data were unavailable. Regarding the activity coefficients, a fully predictive model based on quantum calculations (COSMO-SAC) is used. Moreover, this work also uses those predicted properties in a dynamic model, capable of describing the fractionation process by batch distillation. The simulations were performed in the equation-oriented simulator EMSO to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. The proposed method suggests a simulated recovery of a 98.89% eucalyptol fraction from E. globulus and a 98.53% citronellal fraction from E. citriodora.

Diversos estudos têm investigado as propriedades antinociceptivas, imunomoduladoras e anti-inflamatórias dos compostos encontrados no óleo essencial de lavanda (OEL), contudo, até o momento, ainda faltam dados mais substanciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórios e antinociceptivos do óleo essencial de lavanda. Para avaliação da atividade antioxidante foi realizado o ensaio de descoloração do radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi testada utilizando dois modelos de inflamação aguda: indução de pleurisia por carragenina e edema de orelha induzido pela aplicação de óleo de cróton. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada utilizando o modelo de dor provocada por formalina. OEL apresenta atividade antioxidante, sendo esta resposta dose-dependente. A resposta inflamatória provocada pela carragenina e pelo óleo de cróton foi reduzida com o pré-tratamento dos animais com OEL. No modelo de pleurisia, a droga usada como controle positivo, dexametasona, foi mais eficaz. Entretanto, no edema de orelha, o efeito antiedematogênico do óleo foi similar ao observado na dexametasona. No teste da formalina, o OEL inibiu consistentemente a nocicepção espontânea e apresentou efeito similar ao do tramadol. Os resultados deste estudo revelam a atividade (invivo) analgésica e anti-inflamatória do OEL, demonstrando seu importante potencial terapêutico.

Several studies have investigated the antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of compounds found in the lavender essential oil (LEO), however to date, there is still lack of substantial data. The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of lavender essential oil. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical decolorization assay was used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using two models of acute inflammation: carrageenan-induced pleurisy and croton oil-induced ear edema. The antinociceptive activity was tested using the pain model induced by formalin. LEO has antioxidant activity, which is dose-dependent response. The inflammatory response evoked by carrageenan and by croton oil was reduced through the pre-treatment of animals with LEO. In the pleurisy model, the drug used as positive control, dexamethasone, was more efficacious. However, in the ear swelling, the antiedematogenic effect of the oil was similar to that observed for dexamethasone. In the formalin test, LEO consistently inhibited spontaneous nociception and presented a similar effect to that of tramadol. The results of this study reveal (in vivo) the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of LEO and demonstrates its important therapeutic potential.

This work investigates the antimicrobial activity of the Schinus molle L. leaves extracts obtained under supercritical conditions using carbon dioxide and co-solvents. Antimicrobial qualitative evaluation was carried out through the bioautography technique and the microorganisms studied were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Salmonella choleraesuis. The supercritical fluid extraction was carried out in a pilot scale equipment using carbon dioxide modified by the addition of co-solvents, such as ethanol and water at 150 bar and 333 K. A mathematical modeling of the process was also performed.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of essential oil fractionation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus J.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) essential oils were fractionated by vacuum distillation yielding fractions that were analyzed by the GC/MS. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the effect of the total essential oil and fractions on larvae of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus. The fractions 04 and 05 of the C. winterianus essential oil were the most active showing LC50 values of 1.20 and 1.34 μL/mL, respectively. The LC50 of the total oil was 3.30 μL/mL while the effect of the fractions 01, 02 and 03 was less pronounced, with LC50 values of 4.37, 4.24 and 3.49 μL/mL, respectively. The fraction 03 of the S. molle essential oil was the most active showing LC50 value of 8.80 μL/mL while the fractions 01 and 02 did not show toxic effects on the larvae.

This work has as objective to optimize and to model the yield of the citronella essential oil extraction processes from twigs and leaves by steam distillation. The process variables evaluated in this study were extraction time, and raw material state (dry or natural). The yield is calculated from the relation between the essential oil mass obtained and the raw material mass used in the extraction and the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the oils were performed by capillary GC/MS. The experimental condition for the maximum yield, 0.942%, is the following one: extraction time, 4 h, state, natural plant, and the results obtained from the factorial experimental planning indicate that the variable that more influences the essential oil yield is the state. The modeling of these results is proposed from the description of the mass transfer from a single plate particle. Yield curves for all studied conditions were fairly well fitted using one adjustable parameter of the model and the experimental monitoring of oil composition as function of extraction time was realized in laboratory steam distillation apparatus and compared with industrial scale results.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo optimizar y modelar el rendimiento del proceso de extracción del aceite esencial de citronela, obtenido por destilación por arrastre de vapor a partir de hojas y ramas. Las variables del proceso evaluadas en este estudio fueron el tiempo de extracción y el estado de la materia prima (seca o natural). El rendimiento de aceite esencial es calculado a partir de la relación entre la masa de aceite y la masa de planta aromática usada en la extracción. Los análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los aceites fueran determinados por GC/MS. Las condiciones experimentales para el rendimiento máximo, 0,942%, son las siguientes: tiempo de extracción, 4 h; estado, planta natural; y los resultados obtenidos a partir del estudio estadístico indicaron que la variable que más influencia el rendimiento de aceite esencial es el estado de la planta. El modelado propuesto para describir la transferencia de masa del proceso de extracción está centrado en una partícula en forma de placa plana. Las curvas de rendimiento, para todas las condiciones estudiadas, fueron ajustadas usando un modelo con un parámetro ajustable y los resultados del modelado obtenidos a partir de los datos en escala de laboratorio fueron comparables con las informaciones experimentales obtenidas en escala industrial.

Neste trabalho o óleo essencial de lima ácida foi extraído por hidrodestilação e CO2 supercrítico. No caso da hidrodestilação, os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo de processo e características do material vegetal. Em extração supercrítica, os parâmetros avaliados foram temperatura, pressão e fluxo do CO2, tempo de processo e características do material. Considerando o conteúdo de citral, os melhores resultados para hidrodestilação foram obtidos em um tempo de processo de 3 horas utilizando-se cascas inteiras. Os melhores resultados para extração supercrítica foram obtidos a 60ºC, 90 bar, a um fluxo de CO2 de 1 mL/ min para 30 minutos de processo utilizando-se cascas moídas. Os melhores resultados em termos de rendimento de óleo essencial foram obtidos por hidrodestilação (5,45% p/p) e extração supercrítica (7,93% p/p), para cascas moídas.

In this work lime essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide. In the case of hydrodistillation, the parameters evaluated were extraction time and characteristics of the plant material. In supercritical extraction, the parameters evaluated were temperature, pressure, CO2 flow, extraction time and material characteristics. Considering citral content, the best results for hydrodistillation were obtained with a distillation time of 3 hours using whole peels. The best results for supercritical extraction were found using 60ºC, 90 bar, at a CO2 flow rate of 1 mL/ min for 30 minutes using milled peels. The best yields of lime oil were obtained by hydrodistillation (5.45% w/w) and supercritical extraction (7.93% w/w) for milled peels.

Neste trabalho foram utilizados dois processos de extração de tanino vegetal: extração a quente em aparelho Soxhlet e extração com CO2 supercítico. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor co-solvente para extração de taninos com CO2 supercrítico foi a água na concentração de 5% e o melhor solvente para lavagem do trap foi o metanol.

Studies were carried out on solvent and supercritical extraction to obtain natural tannins. The results showed that the best co-solvent to extract tannin with CO2 supercritical was water with a concentration of 5.0% and the best trap rinse solvent was methanol.